Restricted Freedom of Women in Cisneros, The House on...

For centuries, a great deal of ethnic groups have been disempowered and persecuted by others. However, one should realize that none are more intense than the oppression of women. In the novel, The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, women living in the Mango Street neighborhood suffer from their restricted freedom. Three such women, Rafaela, Mamacita, and Sally, provide great examples. All try to escape from their dreadful environment. Most of them fail, but at first, Sally seems to succeed in escaping from her father. However, she ends up meeting a husband as equally bad as her father. Ultimately, the men who live with Rafaela, Mamacita, and Sally act as insuperable obstacles that limit the freedom in their women’s lives.†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, instead of the satisfaction he expected from his wife about her new house, Mamacita seems to feel discontented about it. â€Å"She still sighs for her pink house, and then I think she cries. I would. Someti mes the man gets disgusted. He starts screaming and you can hear it all the way down the street† (p. 77). Mamacita gets extremely nostalgic about her pink house in Mexico. Her complaints make her now-irritated husband to yell and force her to stay in her house on Mango Street. To make matters even worse, her baby boy begins to imitate an English commercial he has heard on television. The book mentions, â€Å"†¦ the baby boy, who has begun to talk, starts to sing the Pepsi commercial†¦ No speak English, no speak English, and bubbles into tears. No, no, no, as if she can’t believe her ears† (p. 78). Mamacita’s child has begun to speak English, a language that she can’t interpret at all. The thought that her family relies on English devastates Mamacita, and this makes her feel completely torn apart. In the end, Mamacita refuses to learn English and assimilate to the people around her, so she becomes isolated and lonely. Perhaps the most extreme and dreadful case is Sally’s. Sally is extremely beautiful, and her father says that it is â€Å"trouble† to be that attractive. â€Å"They are very strict in his religion. They are not supposed to dance. He remembers his sisters and is sad. Then she can’t goShow MoreRelated Comparing Women in House on Mango Street and Woman Hollering Creek1645 Words   |  7 PagesEthnic Identity of Women in House on Mango Street and Woman Hollering Creek  Ã‚      The novels The House on Mango Street (Cisneros 1984) and Woman Hollering Creek (Cisneros 1992) relate the new American through the eyes of Cisneros. The women in both novels are caught in the middle of their ethnic identity and their American identity, thus creating the New American. Cisneros moved between Mexico and the United States often while growing up, thus making her feel homeless and displaced (JonesRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin And The House On Mango Street1732 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom. A goal. A liberty. A myth. So many descriptions for a single concept. Yet the main idea is the same: to be free of restrictions, free to be whatever you wish. It is a life necessity, one that was, unfortunately, and still is, restricted throughout history, resulting in many chasing after its acquisition. Humans currently live in a time, in several nations, where freedom is a right, a necessity of life freely given. However, throughout history, freedom has been kept to only a minority, resultingRead MoreThe House On Mango Street1201 Words   |  5 Pagesin society than women, yet many women still feel inferior to men. In The House on Mango Street, Cisneros when writing, creates a separation between men and women in society. She focuses on how the men feel as though they have more authority over women. Cisneros takes each woman and makes each one of them them weak. By doing this, Cisneros makes it feel as though these women are owned by the men in their community. She explicitly talks about these women being abused and restricted by men to instillRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Analysis1881 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book, The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, presents the great example of the psychoanalytic theory in the literary work. The house on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros is the book written on the girl named Esperanza who go through all the stages of the psychoanalytic theory. Esperanza is a Mexican-American girl, who is in her early teen years when the novel begins. During the year, she moves with her family into a house on Mango Street. It is a small red house in a very poor neighborhoodRead MoreHouse on Mango Street Theme981 Words   |  4 PagesThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros is about Esperanza Cordero, a girl living in Chicago struggling to identify who she is. Through the experiences Esperanza encounters, she feels neglected living in a culture where women are considered inferior to men. Observing different figures around her, Esperanza begins to question her own identity, and starts to grab her own power, and eventually decides to be independent. Through metaphors, epiphanies and symbolism, Cisneros conveys that repressionRead More Artistic Voice Essay1863 Words   |  8 PagesLev ertov writes about the unknown and the unsaid in life. Anne Sexton distinguishes herself by writing about her family, loves, and her emotional tragedies. Sandra Cisneros wrote a novel called The House on Mango Street that contained a different setup than most novels. It was written in fragments and the language was straightforward. Cisneros focuses on the importance of freethinking and home. Brian Friel, an author who focuses on Irish issues and concerns, wrote a play, Dancing at Lughnasa.

Triangle The Fire That Changed America Essay - 1282 Words

On the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the 10-floor Asch Building, a block east of Manhattans Washington Square. This is where 500 mostly young immigrant girls were producing shirts for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. Within minutes, it spread to consume the buildings upper three stories. Firemen at the scene were unable to rescue those trapped inside: their ladders werent tall enough. Exits were locked, and the narrow fire escapes were inadequate. Panicked, many jumped from the windows to their deaths. People on the street watched in horror. The flames were under control in less than a half hour, but 146 people perished, 123 of them women. It was the worst disaster in the citys history. Von Drehles wide-angle†¦show more content†¦In November, she burst onstage during a meeting at the Cooper Union Grand Hall to call for a general strike of the citys ladies garment workers. That impulsed the quot;Uprising of the Twenty Thousand,quot; and within three months the union won higher wages, shorter hours, and official recognition from its opponents. The settlement, though, proved only a partial victory. It would require several years of struggle, including the Triangle disaster, to effect Tammany Halls transition. Von Drehles description of the Tammany change is a real contribution to a much-mistreated chapter of American history. While the Triangle fire was a turning point for Tammany Hall, the movement for social and economic reform in the United States was well under way earlier. The first decades of the 20th century are commonly referred to as the Progressive Era. The author shows how the activist workers in the garment sweatshops of Manhattan were as vital to the progress of the period as the intellectuals who moved into Federal offices in Washington, D.C. When the 1909 general strike broke out, the garment workers found themselves with unexpected allies. A number of women from some of the wealthiest families of the Gilded Age kindly supported the strikers. They paid fines and put up their mansions as collateral for bail; a few even picketed and were jailed. They had names like Vanderbilt,Show MoreRelatedTriangle: the Fire That Changed America Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe infamous Triangle Shirtwaist Fire occurred that day, and left one hundred and forty-six people dead in its wake. While many at the time thought the story would soon pass, and with it all the potential bad publicity, the story of the fire spread quickly, and outraged many people. As a result, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire ended up changing many business and political practices of the time. In his book Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, David von Drehle argues that the fire largely impactedRead More Triangle: The Fire that Changed America Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The ‘Triangle’ company, â€Å"With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feeling will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop- of the crusaders† (Von Drehle 86). Even before it happen, the Forward predicted the terrible disaster of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory that occurred one year, one month, and seventeen days later (86). Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, by David Von Drehle tells the story of the horrible fire. DavidRead MoreBook Review of Triangle: The Fire That Changed America1473 Words   |  6 PagesTriangle: The Fire That Changed America New York: First Grove Press David Von Drehle 2003 Book Review 1. Did the author make a complete and honest analysis of the topic? This book is about the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City in March, 1911. The factory claimed the lives of 146 women and men, mostly young women, during the 30 minutes that the fire blazed. It is still the largest industrial disaster that has ever happened in New York City. The author of the book writesRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Essay example1460 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing is a short excerpt of those who fought and died due to the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire. â€Å"The â€Å"Triangle† Company†¦ With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feel will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop—of the crusaders.†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Jewish Daily Forward (Drehle) On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire broke out. Proper workers’ rights and fire prevention installations were not in place or were not followedRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of New York City Essay502 Words   |  3 PagesThe Triangle Shirtwaist Fire not only affected the city of New York, but also the rest of the country. It forever changed the way our country would look at safety regulations in factories and buildings. The fire proved to America what can and will happen if we over-look safety regulations and over-crowd buildings. Unfortunately, 146 lives are taken before we fully understand this concept. On July 13, 1900 Joseph Aschs’ new building plans in New York City are approved and by January 5, 1901 theRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: A Case Study908 Words   |  4 PagesVon Drehle (2004) outlines the Triangle Shirtwaist fire as a tragedy of the gilded age. The fire occurred in New York in 1911, and 146 people perished. The fire broke out in a shirtwaist or blouse factory in Greenwich Village. The workers inside, most of them Jewish women, worked in sweatshop conditions common to the industry at the time. They worked in the factory to support their families, and often had no other means of support. They had little or no say over their working conditions, whichRead MoreEssay about Lessons of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911602 Words   |  3 PagesThe sheer physical nature of fire is to consume all fuel that lay in its path. That is exactly what happened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911. The building itself was reported to be fire proof, but what abou t its contents? The amount of unused cotton and other fabric scraps that were piled up were ample amounts of fuel just waiting to be consumed by a spark. The business owners kept what little exits and escape routes the building had locked for fear of a thieving employee. The employeesRead MoreFdr s New Deal Program853 Words   |  4 PagesThe CCC under his New Deal program, prompted the young males of America the chance to work and bring in money for their graving families, who were suffering during the Depression. They were working outside all the time, so it would better their overall physical appearance, but also their mental health too. FDR used the CCC to get the young men of America to become manlier. This ties to Teddy Roosevelt’s propaganda about America needing to show off their manliness to the rest of the world. The CCCRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration And The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire945 Words   |  4 PagesThe women of America have struggled to gain the same equality as men. The 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire were two documents showing the mistreatment and the unfairness of women in the work place and America as a whole. Some people did not believe women had the same rights as men, but women thought otherwise and wanted their voice heard. The aspects of equality in the American Dream were unavailable to women because women were not given the same rights as menRead MoreThe Tragedy Of August 25 By Max Blanck And Isaac Harris1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe tragedy of March 25, 1911 was a crucial turning point and important era of awareness of worker powerlessness during the age of early American industrialization. The fire that consumed the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory remains a haunting memory for this nation. The fates of innocent workers sent a wave of grief throughout the entire nation. The victims died as a result of a serious neglect for safety features wit hin the facility and brought widespread attention to the dangerous working conditions

Storage of Pharmaceuticals Act.

Question: Discuss about the Storage of Pharmaceuticals Act. Answer: The storage of pharmaceuticals Act of 2014 states about the protection of public against the regulation of any possession or in the storage of any pharmaceuticals drugs. It also states describes penalties for unsafe any harmful and careless type of practice associated with these materials[1]. In this case, it is stated that Michael Turnball had a pharmacy in a place called Toorak and not only this he was also the owner of a pond which consisted of many beautiful tropical fishes. So to protect those fishes and treating them against fungal infections he brought a bulk amount of curpazine which was sold online. As Michael was a pharmacist he had knowledge about the chemical, so he also bought some blue colored food and mixed it with the curpazine powder to serve the fishes. When the police investigated his garage they found blue colored curpazine powder which was stored in a shoe box. But Michael believes that the storage of pharmaceuticals act is not applicable to him as he was a pharmacist himself so the act cannot prohibit him in doing so. As in the act, it is mentioned that any person who is a registered medical practitioner, dentist, vet or a healthy professional has the authorization to supply, sell any pharmaceutical can only have the possession of these kinds of chem icals. As this can be stated that his believe was also correct because in this act it is also stated that the pharmacist has the power to restrict substances or the prescribed drugs in order of lawful practice included in his or her profession. So as per the theory of this act, it can be stated that believe of Michael is true because he had no intention of using it wrongly rather he used it for good faith. Moreover, he was also a Pharmacist himself and the act doesnt restrict any of the license holders to have the possession of any kinds of drugs to use it lawfully. It is also clearly mentioned in the act that the possession or storing of any drugs or any pharmaceuticals can result in penalties in case it is found that it is used for unsafe, dangerous or any careless practice. The act also states that the commencement of it should be only applicable to relevant provisions within the jurisdiction[2]. In accordance with this provision the power of the police officer can be stated that according to section 6 in which the police can conduct a search in the premises of any person who believes to be have stored any pharmaceutical substance in his or her premises in order to violate any of the act under this provision. If is conducted can be stated that if any illegal material is found relating to inhale or any intoxicating inhalant substances the police can seize those properties in possession. Even the police can detain or apprehend that accused person if it is in believe of the police that there is the possession of the pharmacist substances, or rather it was stored on his or her premises. As stated in the problem it is seen that Michael's friend Dutto was very much interested in literacy matters and got excited while they were having a discussion about literacy after drinking champagne. As Michael was pharmacist, he had the knowledge about how to treat a patient who is suffering from breathing problem. Thus to save his friend Dutto's life he treated him by injecting epinephrine which is an adrenaline used for emergency treatment purposes in allergic matters. Then after that, he also dialed 000 for the instance which the police and the ambulance arrived. Ambulance took Dutto away for treatment, but the police had a conversation with Michael and also investigated his house and recovered colored curpazin powder in the shoe box. After the recovery police had insisted Michael to come with them to police headquarters but he refused and was charged with the breaches of this act[3]. It is considered that Michael was charged under this act and he was arrested for the breach of this act. Then he was placed for prohibition of Storage of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 as it is mentioned in the act that no one is allowed to keep the possession of any pharmaceuticals or any other drugs or any other such medicines without any proper cause, then he or she will be penalized under this act and here police has caught Michael red handed with colored curpazin powder which is an illegal act[4]. But from Michaels point of view he also argued on law points stating that he was a pharmacist and this law doesn't prohibit pharmacist for the possession of any such kind of drugs. Moreover according to the Interpretation Of Legislation Act 1984he also argued that he was also an owner of a pond which consisted of beautiful tropical fishes and to treat them from the infection he bought curpazin powder and mixed it with some blue food color material so he cannot be held liable for this regards. And when his friend was suffering from breathing problem he used epinephrine for injecting his friend and also used adrenaline to treat him against allergies. So here the act was done in good faith as to protect the life of his friend, so it can be stated that he had to face an emergency situation for which he had to use those drugs. Lastly, the most important defense in his favor is he was a pharmacist who had the license of keeping drugs in possession and to use it legally and good faith as he did in this method. Michael informed the police as well as the ambulance by dialing 000 that his friend Paul Dutton son also known as Dutto and was suffering from allergy and needed to be rushed to a hospital immediately. He was also interested in literacy rate had a discussion with him regarding literacy and meanwhile started suffering from breathing problem and his throat started swelling. Suddenly his friend's health started deteriorating, and the situation was quite serious, so to save his friend's life he injected him with epinephrine and also gave him adrenaline which fights against allergies. As soon as the ambulance and police arrived they started taking action, the ambulance took Dutto to observe him, and the police started the discussion with Michael and also investigated his house. Later the police were able to recover colored curpazine powder from his garage, and they asked him to follow with them to the police station and even insisted him. The police also explained to him that it was the b reech of Storage of Pharmaceutical Act 2014. But from Michaels point view, there can be an argument that is no breach of this act as according to this act pharmacists are allowed to keep possession of drugs. According to the law it is stated that:- A person cannot use set lay put or knowingly place be a part of the setting, putting laying or placing a pharmaceutical or regulate in or upon on any land whatsoever; It is also stated that any person who is legally having possession of pharmaceuticals such as Ketamine according to this section are not allowed to use it except on the purpose to tranquilizing horses situated outside or on land it may be outside township of Metropolitan Melbourne[5]. So taking into consideration of all the pros and corns of the matter we can state that while the matter will be held in the court. The court decision that will be in the favor Michael is that though he was a pharmacist, he has no right to use the drugs such as epinephrine and adrenaline on his friend. But the merit that lies in this situation that his friend was suffering from breathing trouble which resulted into swelling of his throat. His situation was also quite serious so he has used that medicine to save his friend's life which was done in good faith so he cannot be alleged in this regard and the curpazin powder which he used was for protecting his tropical fishes in his pond. Moreover, according to the Michael, the court will also focus stating that the police has violated his rights by forcing him to come to police head quarters which was not proper because he has not committed any crime. As he was a pharmacist he had knowledge about chemical and thus he treated his friend to save his life. Bob Shouten had a pharmacy shop in Marijbyrong. Suddenly on a Sunday afternoon a constable named Tatiana Bliberjek arrived in his shop and asked for medicine in regard that his cow was suffering from back stabbing. But her identification was not disclosed by her to the pharmacist. Thus, the pharmacist prescribed morphine in bulk for her cow. Later the constable disclosed her identification to the pharmacist and seized a sample of morphine and placed it in the laboratory for its analysation of those medicines. But Bob stated that he gather those medicines for one of his friend who was a vet. In the analysation, it was found that the morphine's contained a ketamine. As a result, the police officer destroyed all his morphine and all horse medicines[6]. According to Storage of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014, it can be stated that a person who has the legal possession of any pharmaceutical containing such as ketamine are not allowed to use those medicines except the purpose of tranquilizing horses and too situated out of the township or out of the Metropolitan Melbourne. The maximum penalty which can be charged is five penalty units. Provision of this act also states that any person who visits the house to house to sell intoxicating inhale substances or sell in the public place or Public Street for supplies of pharmaceuticals is charged as an offense liable to the penalty of 500 penalty units. There are also certain provisions for selling these kinds of pharmaceuticals, as stated in the act a person is not allowed to sell or store any of such pharmaceuticals in the container which is not complied with the act such as: A drug which is used to treat any amphibian, bird, reptile, mammals or invertebrate; A medicinal drug which is used humans internal purposes; A pharmaceutical for the humans internal use; There are also many other such substances which include for the purpose of designing for the use of external human use such as lotion, powder, ointment, salve or other such material as drinks, foods, condiment, etc. The act also deals that the central store which is at the in the institution must always maintain a record of solving, selling, purchasing related to the drug and the penalty that counts is 40 penalty units. The person who deals with highly abused pharmaceuticals in one or more packets to be keeping a transaction of it. So according to this case study, we can state that Bob is liable for the fault of selling pharmaceuticals such as morphine and other horse medicines in the open market which is against the act. Though he is a pharmacist, it can be stated that he can use those medicines as a stock to supply to those people who has the power to use them. But instead of doing so he was selling those medicines to the unknown persons. Not only was this he caught red-handed by a police constable. Later when that morphine was tested in the laboratory, it was found that the medicines contained ketamine which is also prohibited by this act. So Bob can be proved guilty in this case as the evidence is against him. Later it was also seen that the constable all his item in record and made a list of morphine or other such drugs which was present in his list and also seized a sample of morphine as an evidence and later when he returned with the troop and other police officers came and destroyed the morphine's and o ther horse medicines of the store and he was also charged for that. Thus, now the liability is totally on Bob to prove that he kept the stock of those drugs for his vet friend in the town for treating the animals. So there must be a positive defense for Bob to prove him innocent[7]. According to this problem, we can state that Bob can be charged under this act because in the act the provision states that selling any drug such as morphine or any other horse medicine, etc. is illegal. This is also regarded as a criminal offense as per under sections 9 (1) because it states that it is liable to the penalty which must not exceed (5) unit penalty. The following requirements must be there to apprehend or detent it as a criminal offense: That he or she wasn't adding or abetting the other person to inhale or inhaled any substances which are intoxicated; He or she had recently promoted and aided the other person to inhale or inhalant of any intoxicating substances. As per this case law, it is stated that a constable named Tatiana Bliberjek came to Bob's pharmacy shop and asked for medicines which can treat her cow who was suffering from the injury. Bob recommended her morphine which was a good drug to treat the injured animals. But it was totally illegal to sale those medicines in the market without any prior permission. But the storage of drug was not illegal as he was pharmacist himself. Later constable accompanied by some other police officers came and destroyed those drugs that were stored in his stores. As according to the provision of this act we can state that if any person keeps the storage of pharmaceuticals, regulated drug, or any medicine or medicinal device contradictory to this act, then he or she will be liable to the maximum of five penalty units. It also states that if any person sells any packed drug or pharmaceuticals without any proper prescription by the doctor, and also there must be a production of the birth certificate of the person who buys it[8]. But as Bob had no intention of selling those medicines for illegal reasons, there must be a proper cause for his defense. In relating to the provisions of this act, we can state that any person is a pharmacist has the power to keep in store certain kind of pharmaceuticals or any drug but certain are prohibited from selling. Thus, according to section 5, we can state that any person who shall not lay place or put be a part of the setting knowledgeable then laying, placing or putting any pharmaceuticals drugs upon the land or in the land what so ever is applicable. It also provides us with the information that the person who is having pharmacist license can keep in possession of drugs under the legal theory. The defenses that he can take in his favor to save him from the eyes of law are as follows: Bob was a pharmacist himself who was a pharmacist from Maribyrnong and had a shop of drugs. But he was caught by a lady constable for selling banned drugs such as morphine. But the according to section 4 of the act it does not stop him from doing so as the pharmacist can keep possession of drugs, being a license holder. In the second point we can state that he was not selling the drugs rather, the constable implicated a false story that her cow was injured badly and needs quick treatment. He can also be defended according to the provision that he kept those morphine and other drugs for his friend who was a vet and used to treat the horses. But presently the vet was not handling the horses, so the medicines were kept in store with him. Lastly, it can be stated that he was not selling the morphine or other horse medicines on the street or from house to house or rather not inviting the public to buy it. And it does not violate section 14 of the act[9]. Dl Battle v Real Estate Agents Authority (2010) Federal Court of Australia According to this case it is stated by Hanson-Old J that according Real-estate Agents Authority Act 1980 the Plaintiff was to submit the list of properties he managed from the realtor but he failed and was dismissed from the his position. But he stated that he provided all records listed in the back of his childrens nanny and he passed it to all that he was able to mange[10]. But according the problem it can be stated by the judge that there was a breach of contract made by the employee as he was supposes to produce the record in a proper manner. As it was provided by the plaintiff in the back of the photograph it doesnt clearly states that it is a record book. Thus his claims fail[11]. Xenophob v R 1995 (av., [2015]) South Australian Court of Appeal In this case Cosgrove Bryce JJ stated that according to the Pokies Act 1982 selling of Pokie machines is a crime and it is strictly prohibited. The Act also state that sale is prohibited under section 47 of the act. But in this matter there was an argument made the pokie machine was not sold in return of cash but rather exchanged. But the judge stated that though it was not sold in return of money but exchanged so he stated that it was a loophole regarding the crime. According to his view it can also be stated that if he considers it then others will also follow the same procedure thus it is a crime[12]. According to Jeffery J (dissenting) there was viewpoint given that sale of pokie machines according to section 47 is a crime. But here the machine was not sold rather exchanged in form of the barter system. Thus there is no contradictory provisions of law which can be stated here. As the transaction of money was not an issue in this matter so the judge acquitted the appellant[13]. Thus if both the decision of the judge is taken into consideration then it can be seen that the decision by Cosgrove Bryce JJ is more suitable because there is no scope of others to exchange or rather deal with Pokie machines which is considered as a crime[14]. Reference list: Counsel, Chief Parliamentary,Interpretation Of Legislation Act 1984(1st ed, 2015) Di Batale v Realestate Agents AuthorityFederal Court of Australia (2010) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014(1st ed, 2014) The Pokies Act 1982. The Realestate Agents Authority Act 1980 Xenophob v RSouth Australia Court of Appeal (1995) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Counsel, Chief Parliamentary, Interpretation Of Legislation Act 1984 (1st ed, 2015) Counsel, Chief Parliamentary, Interpretation Of Legislation Act 1984 (1st ed, 2015) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Counsel, Chief Parliamentary, Interpretation Of Legislation Act 1984 (1st ed, 2015) Storage Of Pharmaceuticals Act 2014 (1st ed, 2014) Di Batale v Realestate Agents AuthorityFederal Court of Australia (2010). The Realestate Agents Authority Act 1980 Xenophob v RSouth Australia Court of Appeal (1995). The Pokies Act 1982. Xenophob v RSouth Australia Court of Appeal (1995).

Wife and Filipino Women free essay sample

To the Young Women of Malolos A Reaction Paper â€Å"They seemed faded plants sown and reared in darkness, having flowers without perfume and fruits without the sap†, Jose Rizal said in his letter â€Å"To the Young Women of Malolos† that the women were very passive to what the church teaches them but he had been proven wrong when the news of what had happened in Malolos reached him. In his letter, Rizal praised and honored the twenty brave women of the town for their victorious battle for their just demand to education and their battle to stop slavery to the friars. He also emphasized the obligations and roles of the Filipino mothers to their children; he compared the Filipino women to the Spartan women as role model. Rizal concluded his letter by encouraging the Filipino women to Let us, therefore, reflect; let us consider our situation and see how we stand†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Wife and Filipino Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page May your desire to educate yourself be crowned with success†. The part which struck me most is where Rizal made mention of a situation to one of the mothers of Sparta, handed the shield to her son who said nothing but to return triumph or return dead. I find the scenario a bit heartbreaking and ironic when the other Spartan mother was told by a soldier that her three sons had died and replied that she was not asking about her sons but only wants to know whether they won or not. The soldier said they were victorious and the mother just went to the temple to thank God. Rizal compared the Filipino women and the foreign women, which entails his huge respect to the Filipino women on their vital roles as mothers and wives. Being the foundation of principles and values in ensuring the progress of the nation, a mother should nourish her children with proper values, desired knowledge and shape them to become God-fearing and responsible citizens. As a wife, a Filipina must support her husband in every problem, inspire him, encourage him, take a part with him all obstacles and dangers, to sympathize and comfort him in bad times, guide him to conquer his fears and struggle to achieve their goals in life. And as a mother, she must educate her children love of honor, love of fellowmen, love of country and love of God. This is the best writing of Rizal I have read so far. I admire him and respect everything he wrote in his letter. Rizal sets his standards of an â€Å"Ideal and Perfect Filipina†, one must have fine demeanor, well-mannered, clean conscience and correct thinking. The message of the letter is clear, it focuses on the most important issues the country is facing during those times, such as the maltreatment and abuse of the friars in exercising their spiritual authority bestowed upon them by the church and the great desire for Filipino women to enjoy the privileges in education with men. The letter speaks of the duties and obligations of Filipino mothers to the youth, the roles of a wife to her husband and guidance to young women on their choice of their lifetime partner. The letter also speaks of the philosophy of freedom and independence that would be a key for the emancipation of humankind from slavery, and the necessity for education as the fundamental source of liberation, to quote from Rizal, â€Å"Men are born equal, naked. God did not create men to be slaves, nor did he embellish them with reason in order to be blinded by others†.

Free Essays on Brian McKnight

Elements Analysis of Vocal Music: listening Exercise â€Å"Anytime† by Brian McKnight Brian McKnight is a tribute to all the R&B greats of the past and an inspiration to future musicians. With his eloquent musical compositions and visionary vocal style, he is truly in a category of his own. On his song entitled â€Å"anytime† from his award winning album â€Å"Anytime† Mr. McKnight invites you to indulge in the soft melodic vision composed and written by him. The song begins with a very soft melodic synthesized drum beat and a guitar (which become the time keepers) ,which is followed by tranquil piano music and then accompanied by Brian McKnight’s voice. The second verse of the song is invited by an added second synthesized beat and an electronic keyboard at the chorus along with the piano. Brian McKnight continues to use a melodic rhythm and continuous beat throughout the lyrical verses. Although, he uses the choruses to Bring the piano and his voice into â€Å"Forte†. Initially Mr. McKnight gives you the vision of a very serene melody with a synthesized drum beat and a continuous smooth piano. This is not the case. Mr. McKnight composed his music to follow the lyrics of his song very â€Å"non-uniform†. Brian McKnight gives you a fine example of â€Å"Gliding and Sliding† throughout the entire song. With his pensive yet melancholic voice he sets the â€Å"stage† for this composed piece. The rhythm in the beginning is simple yet jagged ,giving a vision of a young David Foster composing with Quincy Jones and Take 6 . The main melody of the song is both conjunct and jagged and that combination of pianist classical and a soul filled voice is what makes this song so distinct. The speed throughout this song was continuous and non-changing although when entering the last verses the speed seems to slightly advance. This is inadvertently preparing your ears for the climax of the song which is a very melodic yet soulful impr... Free Essays on Brian McKnight Free Essays on Brian McKnight Elements Analysis of Vocal Music: listening Exercise â€Å"Anytime† by Brian McKnight Brian McKnight is a tribute to all the R&B greats of the past and an inspiration to future musicians. With his eloquent musical compositions and visionary vocal style, he is truly in a category of his own. On his song entitled â€Å"anytime† from his award winning album â€Å"Anytime† Mr. McKnight invites you to indulge in the soft melodic vision composed and written by him. The song begins with a very soft melodic synthesized drum beat and a guitar (which become the time keepers) ,which is followed by tranquil piano music and then accompanied by Brian McKnight’s voice. The second verse of the song is invited by an added second synthesized beat and an electronic keyboard at the chorus along with the piano. Brian McKnight continues to use a melodic rhythm and continuous beat throughout the lyrical verses. Although, he uses the choruses to Bring the piano and his voice into â€Å"Forte†. Initially Mr. McKnight gives you the vision of a very serene melody with a synthesized drum beat and a continuous smooth piano. This is not the case. Mr. McKnight composed his music to follow the lyrics of his song very â€Å"non-uniform†. Brian McKnight gives you a fine example of â€Å"Gliding and Sliding† throughout the entire song. With his pensive yet melancholic voice he sets the â€Å"stage† for this composed piece. The rhythm in the beginning is simple yet jagged ,giving a vision of a young David Foster composing with Quincy Jones and Take 6 . The main melody of the song is both conjunct and jagged and that combination of pianist classical and a soul filled voice is what makes this song so distinct. The speed throughout this song was continuous and non-changing although when entering the last verses the speed seems to slightly advance. This is inadvertently preparing your ears for the climax of the song which is a very melodic yet soulful impr...

The Chemistry of Theobromine

The Chemistry of Theobromine Theobromine belongs to a class of alkaloid molecules known as methylxanthines, which naturally occur in as many as 60 different plant species and include caffeine (the primary methylxanthine in coffee) and theophylline (the primary methylxanthine in tea). Theobromine is the primary methylxanthine found in products of the cocoa tree, theobroma cacao. Effects of Theobromine on Humans Theobromine affects humans similarly to caffeine, but on a much smaller scale. Theobromine is mildly diuretic (it increases urine production), is a mild stimulant, and relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. In the human body, theobromine levels are halved between 6-10 hours after consumption. Theobromine has been used as a drug for its diuretic effect, particularly in cases where cardiac failure has resulted in an accumulation of body fluid. It has been administered with digitalis in order to relieve dilatation. Because of its ability to dilate blood vessels, theobromine also has been used to treat high blood pressure. Dangers of Theobromine Cocoa and chocolate products may be toxic or lethal to dogs and other domestic animals such as horses because these animals metabolize theobromine more slowly than humans. The heart, central nervous system, and kidneys are affected. Early signs of theobromine poisoning in dogs include nausea and vomiting, restlessness, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and increased urination or incontinence. The treatment at this stage is to induce vomiting. Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures are symptoms of more advanced poisoning. Different types of chocolate contain different amounts of theobromine. In general, theobromine levels are higher in dark chocolates (approximately 10 g/kg) than in milk chocolates (1-5 g/kg). Higher quality chocolate tends to contain more theobromine than lower quality chocolate. Cocoa beans naturally contain approximately 300-1200 mg/ounce theobromine (note how variable this is!).

Economic Growth Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Growth Models - Essay Example Y = AKL1-, 0where A measures the level of technology. Output per worker, y = Y/L, is thus given by y = Ak where k denotes the capital-labor ratio. Capital accumulation is given by k = sy - (n + )k, 0 where s denotes the propensity to save, n > 0 the exogenous rate of population growth, and the rate of depreciation of physical capital(Agnor and Montiel 1999, p.671). The Solow-Swan growth model predicts that growth should be uncorrelated with the ratio of national investment to total output (gross domestic product or GDP). If capital markets are open, the model predicts instantaneous convergence of output per capita across countries. Convergence is achieved by capital flows from rich to poor countries and a consequence of these flows is that the ratio of national savings to GDP in each country should differ substantially from the ratio of investment to GDP since there is no reason to expect that countries with high savings rates should be those with large investment opportunities. In the presence of capital market imperfections, such as the inability to borrow to finance human capital accumulation, convergence is predicted to occur more slowly (Farmer and Lahiri, 2003). Figure 1. Equilibrium in the Solow-Swan Model Source: Kalyvitis (n.d., p.6) Assuming that all regions possess similar technology and similar preferences, and that there are no institutional barriers to the flow of both capital and labor across state borders, the Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model predicts that states would have similar levels of real per capita income in the long run (convergence). Across regions of a given... Assuming that all regions possess similar technology and similar preferences, and that there are no institutional barriers to the flow of both capital and labor across state borders, the Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model predicts that states would have similar levels of real per capita income in the long run (convergence). Across regions of a given country that share such a common long-run level of real per capita income, convergence of per capita incomes is driven by diminishing returns to capital. That is, each addition to the capital stock generates large increases in output when the regional stock of capital is small. If the only difference between regional economies lies in the level of their initial stock of capital, the neoclassical growth model predicts that poor regions will grow faster than rich ones—regions with lower starting values of the capital-labor ratio will have higher per capita income growth rates. Other channels through which convergence can occur are interregional capital mobility; the diffusion of technology from leader to follower economies; the redistribution of incomes from relatively rich regions to relatively poor regions of a federal country by its central government; and flows of labor from poor to rich regions (Cashin and Sahay 1996, p.49).Agà ©nor and Montiel (1999, p.677) note that the neoclassical growth model only predicts â€Å"conditional† convergence, that is a tendency for per capita income to converge across countries only after controlling.

Public display of affection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public display of affection - Essay Example Lenny would see his sea turtle friends, Liam and Levon, kissing and showing affection to the Lady Leatherbacks without a single thread of emotion or care for who was around. And the next day he would see these same friends displaying affection with new Lady Leatherbacks. Lenny wanted nothing to do with this. Lenny thought that affection was personal and wanted to meet someone who shared the same thoughts. He searched and searched for many years. He grew larger and larger. He waited and he waited but he never seemed to find that special Lady Leatherback. Instead he always seemed to find Liam and Levon up to the same old tricks. Oh, how Lenny longed to meet someone like him. As Lenny grew older he decided that perhaps he should give up and began to realize that maybe he really was one in a million. He thought the chances of him finding his dream turtle were also 1 in a million. He crawled up on the shore and came to terms with his new realization. Minutes passed and as Lenny lay content in the sun he realized he was not alone. Within turtle tails reach was a Lady Leatherback. Lenny started a slow turtle conversation that has now lasted over 30 years. At the point in his life where Lenny became content with himself he found his lady leatherback and she found him. Though, to this day, there hasn’t been another turtle to verify their affection Lenny is now a proud father to 8 turtle children, 23 turtle grandchildren, 45 turtle great grandchildren, and 100 turtle great great grandchildren. And Lenny and his Lady Leatherback are as happy as

How and why did USA become involved in the Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

How and why did USA become involved in the Vietnam War Essay In march 12, 1947 with the truman doctrine and the newly introduced policy of containment usa decided to award itself with status of policeman of the world giving themselves a permission to intervene anywhere in the world when they consider it is neccessary. This was the policy that allowed them to interpose in vietnam. Vietnamese people under the leadership of ho chi mihn, founder of viet minh defeated french at diem bien phu who had controll over whole indochina (thailand, vietnam, combodia, laos). Although usa was sending aid to french they didnt help much because president eisenhower has just been elected to end the korean war therefore he didnt want to involve usa in another conflict. However after french defeat and the devision of vietnam into north which was communist and south usa started to realize the danger of communism spreading into asia and saw vietnam as a puppet in hands of ussr and china. in convinction that responsibility for the domino effect will be theirs if they wont do anything. n 1954 usa prevented the re-uniting free elections from taking place, foreboding uniting vietnam under communist goverment. this time they showed their resilient attitude, considering their disapproval with ussr, not holding free elections in their sattelites. nevertheless there were no elections and usa picked up anti-communist diem to become a president of south vietnam. This decision led to many protest especially from buddhist monks since diem was ignorat to their religion and culture, he himself being christian. uring his reign he forbade any elections and set members of his family into important positions. his corruption and way of controling south vietnam was the reason for more and more people joining the national front for the liberation of south vietnam, the viet cong. although usa didnt agree with his governance after his murder they continued to support his equally corrupt successor. Meantime, in usa after kennedys assasination new president was elected with completely different attitude. b johnson seemed more considered about vietnam and sent more and more military personel, the so called advisors to vietnam. During his leadership he achieved the tonkin gulf resolution under suspicious coincidences of the tonkin gulf incident, giving him ultimate power to launch immediate attack or start war without the need of consulting the idea with senate or advisors. lbj was the most involved president in vietnam war and he started the open war with vietnam. When advisors were not enough and the infiltration of north vietnamese in south vietnam became with increasing number of attacs intorelable problem, in march 1965 lbj decided to launch the operation rolling thunder, bombing of the North Vietnam and Ho Chi Minhs trail which was the major mean of supplying south vietnam by Viet Cong. within a short time usa realized that this tactics is not appropriate but they were in convinction that easing would signal their weakness. n addition this operation lasted for eight years where high explosives, herbicides to destroy the jungle and defoliant agent orange were used and more bombs were dropped on vietnam than on germany by all the allies during the second world war. despite the growing objections johnson launched full-scale war with the first conventional warfare in ia drang valley which both sides considered as victory. Although americans inflicted greater losses than they have suffered (a:300 v:2000), vietnamese held their positions. This way the war continued for number of years marked with unsuccessful negotiations with main problem of diplomacy frequently undermined by military activity at a critical moment. In 1967 in south Vietnam were held the free elections but without any communist party. Thieu was elected with a low vote but finally usa could say they are defending democratically elected goverment. in following years after the failure of previous operations, operations search and destroy was introduced which main aims were defending us bases, launching search and destroy missions. Another operation, an attempt to win the hearts and minds of the peasant was also complete failure, highlighting the main American problem misapprehension of the culture of Vietnamese people. The Vietnam war being the first televised war hugely influenced it and seeing the happenings in vietnam many student protests took place in usa, especially after the Mai Lay massacre which shocked people being the evidence that something in this war has gone wrong. n 1967 increase of bombing by more than 50%, generals still requsting more men and viet cong still holding their positions even advancing (the tet offesnive 1968) and more than 3 000 000 casualities made johnson slowly realize that this war he will not win. In 1968 johnson after many absurd years of fighting informed public that usa will halt bombing, awaiting peace talks. the president has given up ending this terrible mistake and resignated, Vietnam finally became free, united and communist.

From Coexistence to Conflict :: history

From Coexistence to Conflict From Coexistence to Conflict in 19th Century Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon has been a troubled region throughout much of Lebanese history. Through most of the 19th century, the Maronite and Druze inhabitants of the Mount Lebanon region had successfully coexisted in an intricate inter-sectarian system. True to the words of Leila Fawaz, â€Å"Lebanon was at peace, as it had been for most of its history.† Excessive foreign intervention, however, caused the status in Mount Lebanon to move from coexistence to conflict, which ultimately led to the civil war of 1860. The first step that led to the emergence of inter-sect rule in Lebanon was the gaining of autonomy by local rulers. Fakhr al-Din al Maani was the first prince in the region, and he was awarded that title and responsibility by the Ottomans as a reward for his loyalty to them. Prior to Fakhr al-Din, Lebanon did not have an autonomous ruler; it was fully controlled by the Ottomans. The Maanis, however, were not only supported by the Ottomans, but by the local citizens as well, and this common support for a single ruler helped bring about inter-sectarianism. The Druze-Maronite inter-sectarian system gained its roots during the reign of Fakhr al-Din II, who raised the Maronites to the same civil status as their Druze counterparts. This equal status allowed both sects to live peacefully among each other. Fakhr al-Din’s reign soon came to an end though in 1635, when the Ottomans, who had control over Lebanon at the time, captured and executed Fakhr al-Din for trying to expand the are a under his control. By upsetting the balance between local and Ottoman rule, Fakhr al-Din brought about the end of his reign as prince. After two insignificant rulers, the princedom fell to the Shihab family, which would rule the Mount Lebanon region from 1697 to 1842. During the long reign of the Shihab family, the Maronites had slowly started to gain power as the Druze began to weaken. The most notable of the Shihabs was Prince Bashir II. During his reign, Prince Bashir II developed a strong relationship with Sheikh Bashir Jumblatt. The Jumblatt family was originally of Sunni Kurdish descent and they later became accepted as part of the Druze community. After the end of the Maani dynasty, the Jumblatts took their place as lords of the Shouf and rapidly rose to power. Consequently, the Jumblatts were able to influence other areas of the region.

Annotation on David Abram Essay

David Abram wrote an essay Animism and the Alphabet, which is about how alphabets have affected human society. He talks about how alphabets have worked as a differentiation between human and nature. Socrates and Plato are used as his supporting points. I made annotations as I read this piece, and there are two lines that captured my interest. They are annotations on â€Å" Without writing, knowledge of the diverse properties of particular animals, plants and places can be preserved only by being woven into stories†¦events and interactions.† (Abram, 47) and â€Å"For reading, as soon as we attend to its sensorial texture, discloses itself as a profoundly synesthetic encounter.† (51) First of all, the quote about a versatile writing system was interesting to me, because at first I did not agree on this idea. I thought taking picture could also preserve the data. However, I soon realized that the information we can retain would be very limited with pictures. Also, observing the real piece of the subjects would be better than looking at the picture. For example, the textbooks, which give knowledge, are written in alphabets and some pictures to help readers’ understanding. Although, learning characteristics of animals, such as a story of cicadas in the Phaedrus written by Plato but recounted by Socrates, or other materials and information through stories sounds fun to me, it would take much longer time to catch ideas than just reading the straightforwardly written information. Information is subject to replace at anytime if the future generation finds the error or additional data. If the information were written, then it can be just simply erased and replaced with the corrected one. Thus, it is the simplest and easiest way to store the reports. Second, the topic of synesthetic was also interesting. As we fall into the reading we draw pictures in our mind and slowly all of our senses activate with the reading. I have experienced this when I was reading And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie. I usually experience this when I read mysterious or thriller novels or journals such as The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank. These books are very descriptive in each scene making readers to easily picture the situations in their minds. It makes easier for me to  peruse the book and keep interested, making me to want to turn to the next page to see what happens next. It was also interesting that as Abram discuss about synesthesia, he used pronoun â€Å"I† a lot. For example, on page 52, he wrote about his experience of feeling empathy by watching a stranger learning to ride a bicycle. By giving his own experience, he makes me to think of my own experience too and connect mine with his and read it with affinity. This is what I thought and felt as I read Animism and the Alphabet by David Abram. Although I was confused when he said that the writing was influenced by animals’ behavior of leaving their tracks, as I read more, I understood his idea and thought it was interesting. The most interesting parts were how he thinks of writing system and his use of pronoun â€Å"I† and synesthesia.

Iom Report Essay

In November of 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) delivered a report, â€Å" The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health†. The report looked in depth about the role that nurses should play in a changing healthcare system. The report explains about changes in the health care system and how the nurses should play a role in this transformation. The transformation mainly focuses on three aspects : education, practice and leadership. Since the healthcare system is advancing every day, it requires the nurses to become more advanced to meet the demands of the healthcare. The impact of the IOM report on nursing education is very significant. According to the article, â€Å"The IOM Advocates for Higher Education†, The report contains three key messages related to nursing. Part 1 of this series looked at IOM recommendations for transforming nursing practice. The second key message put forth by the IOM’s report on the future of nursing says that, â€Å"nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression† The IOM believes that nurses must go for higher levels of education in order to reach the demands of the healthcare system. According to the IOM, the main reason why a higher level of education is necessary for nurses is because since the hospital care is becoming more complex, nurses must be able to make critical decisions. Nurses should gain more knowledge about the public health, geriatrics, leadership skills, improvements within the system, research and the health policy. Due to changes made in nursing overtime, the need for more changes in nursing practice is becoming more and more crucial. As stated in the IOM report, â€Å"†¦the changing landscape of the health care system and the changing profile of the population require that the system undergo a fundamental shift to provide patient-centered care; deliver more primary as opposed to specialty care; deliver more care in the community rather than the acute care setting; provide seamless care; enable all health professionals to practice to the full extent of their education, training, and competencies; and foster interprofessional collaboration. Achieving such a shift will enable the health care system to provide higher-quality care, reduce errors, and increase safety. Providing care in this way and in these areas taps traditional strengths of the nursing profession† (IOM report, pg 86-87). Transforming nursing practice will be an advantage in the future. It will improve quality and promote health care. The major intention included in this transformation is to provide patient care in all aspects. The transformation mainly focuses on primary care. Nurse practitioners , physicians, and physicians assistants provide the most care in this area. â€Å"Primary care brings promotion and prevention, cure and care together in a safe, effective and socially productive way at the interface between the population and the health system. The features of health care that are essential in ensuring improved health and social outcomes are person-centeredness, comprehensiveness and integration, and continuity care, with a regular entry into the health system, so that it becomes possible to build an enduring relationship of trust between people and their health care providers† (World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report 2008). From reading the report, I can understand how interdisciplinary partnerships are very significant in providing care in our health system. In the psychiatric unit where I work, we are involved in the daily socio-economic realities of our patient’s lives. We make sure at all the times that the patients are provided care and we pay close attention to their well being. The IOM’s report has made me realize the importance of obtaining leadership qualities. I will expand my practice and pursue more leadership roles in an interdisciplinary healthcare team. This report has also made me to commit myself to a lifelong learning process. I will pursue advanced education and seek for higher levels of training and education. The IOM report gives a great emphasis in the need for leadership and how it is a vital quality for the transformation. Key Message #3 challenges the nurses to display partnership with other physicians and health professionals in healthcare. As written in the IOM report, â€Å"Strong leadership is critical if the vision of a transformed health care system is to be realized. Yet not all nurses begin their career with thoughts of becoming a leader. The nursing profession must produce leaders throughout the health care system, from the bedside to the boardroom, who can serve as full partners with other health professionals and be accountable for their own contributions to delivering high-quality care while working collaboratively with leaders from other health professions†(IOM report, pg 221). Nurses should develop a style of leadership in which they have to work health and collaborate with others. The IOM report calls for nurses to become effective leaders and to apply their leadership skills in their practice of nursing. As leaders, nurses should be able to manage staff and work system in order to meet the needs of the patients. Nurses must be able to make decisions quickly, communicate effectively, and cooperate with other nurses in the team. The IOM report of 2010 explains a lot about the future of nursing. It states in the report that the nurses need more training and education, opportunities to assume leadership roles and to change their ways of practice to meet the demands of the changing health care system. The report tells us that nurses should explore more about the challenges and opportunities in the profession of nursing. Nurses should pursue higher education in order to give quality and safety care to the patients. The patient’s satisfaction is the most important factor in nursing practice.

Of Human Bondage Essays - English-language Films, Bisexual Men

Of Human Bondage Essays - English-language Films, Bisexual Men Of Human Bondage Family, love, and friendships are a few of the many colorful threads that are taken and woven into a tapestry of life. Every person one meets on the way will influence the patterns of that tapestry. Every incident, be it tragic or cheerful, will guide the shuttle to take on new directions. With this in mind, William Somerset Maughams autobiographical novel Of Human Bondage offers the reader a first person perspective on the first thirty years of a young mans life. Philip Carey was born with a clubbed-foot. Many critics believe that this birth defect paralleled Maughams own trouble with stammering. This handicap acted as a basis for all the anxiety and self-consciousness that shadowed Philips life. As readers, we shadowed Philip as well, following him from childhood in England, to adulthood in Germany, adventures in Paris, and back to a village on the British coast. Together with Philip, we were drawn into a world of cynicism, passion, hatred, and the yearning to become someone greater. In the beginning, innocence reigned. As a little boy who was just orphaned, Philip took everything in, not comprehending his situation. There was simplicity in his thoughts and naivete in his actions. He soon developed self-consciousness about his clubbed-foot, however, when he was sent to an all boys school. He was endlessly humiliated by his fellow classmates and was treated differently by the teachers. When he did something wrong, the teacher would not cane Philip like he would any other wrong doer because Philip was a cripple. Having suffered years of shame and loneliness, Philip was truly grateful to finally make a friend. Rose was very popular with the boys. He was outgoing and whimsical, and Philip was honored to have Rose treat him as a normal person. There comes a time, unfortunately, in many friendships when one of the people involved becomes possessive. Philip became jealous of Roses other friends, and in childish revenge, Philip made friends with Sharp, a boy whom he desp ised. It was Sharp who gave Philip the idea to go to Germany to study and experience the world. Philip wanted to get out of England so much that he began to slack off, and eventually, he threw away his scholarship to Oxford. In his teenage defiance, he learned independence. Out in the world, he met people who left lasting impressions in his personality. Being sensitive and inexperienced, Philip believed whatever the next person who came into his life believed. His uncle had taught him Christianity as a child, and Philip had faith in it. Hayward taught him that there was more to religion and that civilized people were poets and lovers, and Philip believed him. Cornshaw then gave him the idea that Christianity was just morality and those poets were dreamers, and Philip hated his uncle for instilling a rigid religion and believed that Hayward was living unrealistically. One of his biggest fears about disbelieving in God was that maybe he was wrong and that he was sinning by becoming an atheist. Then, in a rare burst of young wisdom, he decided that after all, its not my fault. I cant force myself to believe. If there is a God after all and he punishes me because I honestly dont believe in Him I cant help it (104). According to A. C. Ward, Maughams effectiveness as a critic of life is in inverse proportion to his solemnity. We might be shocked by some of the strong feelings that Philip felt, but Maugham knew this. He wanted Philip to be honest with himself and in doing so, he wanted to remind readers of the flaws in mankind. John Lehmann once said, [Maughams] originality, his power of holding the readers attention, consists largely in putting conventional stories in exotic settings. Maugham wrote of places sometimes with vehemence and sometimes with awe in order to pull readers in even more closer to Philips own feelings. Philip traveled to many places in his life. We observed from the tidy, little house of his aunt and uncle and the crowded rooms of the school to the elegant and simple rooms of Germany and Paris that Philips emotions were closely related to where he was. For

6 Critical AP Exam Tips to Ace Your Tests

6 Critical AP Exam Tips to Ace Your Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The most important thing you can do to maximize your chances of getting a 5 on an AP exam is to learn the material. However, it is a standardized test, and there are strategies you can use to maximize your chances of success and make sure your hard work pays off. Keep reading for my top AP examtips! #1: Do Easy Questions First There’s no rule that you have to answer all of the questions in a given section in order. If you come to a question that looks either difficult or time-consuming, it’s fine to skip it and come back later. This applies to both the multiple-choice and free-response sections. Just make sure you are careful when you fill out your Scantron or your test booklet! Once you make a first pass and answer all the slam-dunk questions, then you can buckle down on the harder or more tedious questions.Don’t let yourself get held up too much on any one question, though. If you feel yourself getting bogged down, skip that question, and come back to it to either work on it more (if you have time) or guess (if you don’t). #2: Answer Every Question- But Be Smart About It Since there is no guessing penalty on AP exams, it is to your advantage to answer every question. If you aren’t sure of the right answer on a multiple-choice question, eliminate as many answers as you confidently can before guessing.This will up your chances of guessing the right answer and getting points! On a free-response or short answer question, just do the best you can to guess based on what you remember. If you leave a question blank, you’ll definitely get zero points, but if you write something even a little bit relevant, you might get partial points! And even one point is better than zero. #3: Manage Time Carefully You are allowed to bring a watch to the exam just so long as it doesn’t make noise. I highly advise doing so, so that you’ll be aware of how you are doing on time at any given moment. It’s critical that you pace yourself on the exam. On the multiple-choice section, if you notice yourself getting stuck on a particular question or series of questions, skip them and come back at the end. Don’t let a few questions completely tank your time. If you’re staring at a question in confusion for longer than a minute, move on and come back to it. On the free-response section, time management is even more critical because you’ll need to complete a series of tasks in an allotted amount of time, but you won’t be prompted to move on to the next essay or question. Keeping track of time will let you know if you’re on target to finish everything. You should have time targets for each essay or task in mind when you go into the test. This kind of clock is not allowed! #4: Plan Your Essays Carefully This may not apply to every AP exam- it’s hard to plan a math problem in advance- but for APs that do have essay questions, it’s critical that you plan them out before you start writing them. Even five minutes spent quickly jotting down your thesis and the main ideas of your paragraphs will help you write the essay faster, make your argument stronger, and ensure your essay is better-organized and more coherent. A slightly more detailed outline that denotes where you are going to include specific examples and evidence is even better if you have time. #5: Bring Water and a Snack for the Break This might seem like a relatively trivial tip, but you may experience some serious test fatigue during your AP exams. Bringing water and a snack- preferably one with a bit of protein and complex carbs, like a peanut butter granola bar- will help you stay energized through the exam and keep you from fading during the free-response section. An appropriate snack. #6: Keep Up Positive Self-Talk You might hit a bump in the road on exam day. Maybe you’ll see a question type you weren’t quite prepared for, forget something you thought you knew inside and out, or be totally stumped by a free-response question. The important thing if this happens is to not panic. Maintain positive self-talk. Tell yourself you are doing great. Move on to another question. Even if you’re still stumped when you come back around to it, keep telling yourself that you’re crushing the rest of the test. And then just do the best you can on the test. Key Takeaways If you want to get a 5 on your AP exam, the best thing you can do for yourself is to learn the material. However, there is still a strategic element to taking the AP, just like on other standardized tests. Here are my top six AP exam tips: Do easy questions first and come back to the harder ones later. Answer every question, but only guess after eliminating all the answers you know are wrong. Bring a watch and manage your time carefully! Carefully plan out your essays before you start writing! (This tip doesn’t apply to those APs without essays). Bring water and a snack for the break! Maintain positive self-talk, even if you hit a snag! With these AP test tips, you’ll maximize your chances of getting the score you’re aiming for! What's Next? Need more guidance on AP preparation? See our five-step plan on how to study for AP exams. Do you need an AP test perfect score?Read this guide to learn if it's something you should be aiming for. Taking a history AP exam? See our guide on how to write a top-scoring DBQ. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

East Asian Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

East Asian Studies - Essay Example Culture is the representation of the mode of thinking of the national leaders and the people. Politics, on the other hand, is the expression of such mode of thinking, which can be seen in the manner state and economic policies are created and implemented. Therefore, while economy may be most visible base, one that serves as the gauge whether the country is moving forward or not, it is actually the superstructure of politics and culture that promotes and protects it. However, economy, the base, is the reflection of political and cultural realities too. The superstructure and the base have a dialectical relationship. Because of the diversity in the political and cultural conditions of each country, following a particular economic growth model does not always produce the desired results. Despite the success of the East Asian model, which Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan have become renowned for, not all countries in East and Southeast Asia absolutely imitate its standards and procedures. Again, this is because of the difference of the political and cultural conditions of each. Essentially the East Asian model suggests the establishment of a strong state first and foremost as the requirement for economic growth. The Philippines, ever since it was granted independence by the United States, has been making an effort in making itself as a strong republic. At the same time, it has been opening itself to foreign trade and investments at degrees oftentimes even much higher than its now industrialized and financially stable neighbors in East and Southeast Asia. While it tries to emulate the â₠¬Ëœdragon economies’ in the arena of governmental functions, it has, however, failed to realize economic strategies that bear the hallmarks of the East Asian model. As a result, the Philippine state has only become stronger at the expense of the people’s civil and political rights but the economy has not achieved any significant level of progress. It used

Legal Critique#1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Critique#1 - Assignment Example aking into account federal funds, which the University received for educational necessities, the deaf student was supposed to use the services of sign-language interpreter provided by the University. However, the University refused to satisfy the student’s requirement and, therefore, displayed discriminatory attitude to a person with physical deviation (P#3, C#1, L#11-13). The plaintiff demanded the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas to provide declaratory relief and oblige the respondent to ensure the services of interpreter. The Federal Court granted preliminary injunction, which forced the University to satisfy the plaintiff’s complaint. This decision was made based on the assumption that Walter Camenisch would prevail on merits. Simultaneously, preliminary injunction took place along with the requirement for the plaintiff to post a security bond of $3,000.00 (1981 P#3, C#1, L#31-35). However, the case was forwarded to the Court of Appeals claiming for its mootness caused with the graduation of a student. The Court of Appeals confirmed the preliminary injunction. The University received certiorari (1981, P#3, C#2, L#8-12). But the Supreme Court raised the issue regarding not the question about who should pay for the interpreter, which the Court of Appeals correctly decided to be viewed in a trial on the merits, but whether the District Court exceeded the authority and violated its discretion by granting preliminary relief (1981 P#1, C#2, L#6-7). Considering the chance that the absence of injunction would harm Walter Camenisch, the District Court granted preliminary injunction based on a judgment on the merits. Preliminary evaluation of the merits showed prevalence of the student. In addition, the court ordered the complainant to ensure security bond for protecting the defendant. The University implemented the court’s decision and the student graduated meanwhile the Court of Appeals rejected the mootness of the case stating that

Prenuptial Agreements in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prenuptial Agreements in UK - Essay Example Prenuptial agreements are not binding in the UK; however, the courts proved that, in case of Radmacher v Granatiano, circumstances had to be considered. They applied the requirements of the prenuptial leaving out parts that contravened principles of family law. Prenuptial agreements have remained to be a contentious issue since it can leave out fundamental principles. Such principles include being silent about children that may be born in the course of the marriage or insufficient funds or funds being allocated inefficiently leaving kids without being properly provided for. In case of such circumstances, the court has the authority to divide family assets in order to ensure children rule a decision in any other appropriate way. A pre-nap can be used to reduce the court’s authority to divide family money. Radmacher going to court to challenge the prenuptial agreement undermined decision held in Macleod v Macleod . In this case, it was held that prenuptial agreements could not be binding and made a distinction between prenuptial and post-nuptial agreements. The Privy Council’s decision in this case shed light on how judiciary viewed this issue during that period. In Radmacher’s case judges stated that they did not recognize any difference between pre and post marital agreements. This change of position has been supported by scholars such as Joanna Miles who argues that there is no difference between a spouse and a fiancà ©. This means that whether the agreement is made before or after solemnization of marriage should not matter. An additional effect of this case is that it provides a way that can result into pre-nuptial agreements becoming binding in the UK. This, however, can only happen if it is under the right circumstances. It, therefore, becomes necessary to consider the effects that pre-nuptial agreements will have on marriage after this decision. The first significant effect is that, after this decision, there will be legal certainty. Prenuptial agreements will help couples to know what will happen to their finances in case of a divorce. Courts have been known to be extremely inconsistent in the past and certainty is welcomed. However, these

Rape Date Rape And Rape Trauma Syndrome

Rape Date Rape And Rape Trauma Syndrome Rape is a huge issue that plagues the world today. It is a worldwide issue, and is not specific to any one country. Rape also can impact anyone at any time. It is not specific to any one neighborhood, race, gender, sexual orientation, age, or financial status. Rapes continue to happen frequently, and yet many are not reported to the police. Rape is widely thought to be the most underreported crime. There are many stigmas that go along with rape, so it makes it difficult to come forward. Also, it is sometimes difficult to prove rape when there are no physical signs. The victim may also fear being further victimized through the investigative process, so the crime is not reported. Furthermore, with the easy availability of illegal drugs, date rape has become more commonplace. Although date rape can occur without drugs, many times people use illegal substances to render their victims powerless against their advances. This is one form of date rape. In these cases, the victims do not even know what happened to them, and if they were even raped. Some of the drugs can create loss of memory, so it makes it impossible for the victim to express what happened. There are many different drugs used for date rape. Some, like alcohol, are not illegal substances. However, many of the drugs used in date rape are illegal substances. Rape can leave the victim feeling powerless. Many victims experience rape trauma syndrome, which can severely impact their lives. With the prevalence of rape in all communities, it is crucial for people to stay vigilant and aware of their surroundings. Although it is impossible to ensure complete security, there are ways to maintain safety. It is important for everyone to make their own drinks so that no one can slip any drugs into them. Also, a buddy system can be very beneficial to help everyone stay safe, and not end up a bad situation. Reasons Why Rape is Underreported Rape is one of the most underreported crimes. The Uniform Crime Report is an annual report that includes offenses reported to law enforcement agencies at the city, county, and state levels (Meadows, 2010, p. 5). This report details the offenses that are reported to the authorities. The National Crime Victimization Survey is a source of data that recognized incidents not reported to the police and includes a detailed report of crime incidents, victims involved, and trends affecting victims (Meadows, 2010, p. 9). Both the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey include information about rape, yet they each report drastically different numbers. There are significantly more rapes reported in the National Crime Victimization Survey than in the Uniform Crime Report. It has been reported by the U.S. Department of Justice that only 31% of all rapes are reported to the authorities (Arrigo, 2006, p. 108). This creates a problem in the criminal justice field because it is difficult to put a stop to rape when most people do not report their victimization. There are many reasons why rape is underreported. The National Crime Victimization Survey found that the most common reason given by victims of violent crime (including rape) for not reporting a crime was that it was a private or personal matter (Meadows, 2010, ps. 9-10). Other reasons why victims may not report rape include fear of reprisal, embarrassment, or the belief that the victim may not be believed (Meadows, 2010, p. 10). These issues all contribute to the underreporting of rape. Rape is a profoundly different type of crime as the attacker is using their body as a weapon. Instead of merely stealing some personal item that can be replaced, the attacker takes something from the victims body and mind, which can never be replaced. This ordeal may only last a few minutes, but feels like hours to the victim as they wonder what will happen next. Also, it can last longer in cases of gang rapes. Once the event is finally over and the victim realizes they have survived, they may not want to talk about it with anyone, and especially not law enforcement officers and prosecutors. Rape truly is the most personal of all crimes. Many people do not talk about sexual matters at all, so they are even less likely to discuss rape. If someone was raised in an environment where they did not talk about sexual things, they will be less likely to report a rape as an adult. It is difficult enough for the victim to get through the actual experience, and victims do not want to have to relive it several times with many different people. Unfortunately, that is the only way to bring justice to the attacker. If the victim comes forward about the attack, they will have to talk to the police at least once, talk to the prosecutor, and talk to the judge or jury depending on the type of case. It would not be as difficult if the victim only had to discuss the issue once, but they continually have to discuss it with different people, all of whom are strangers to them. Rape can occur between a stranger and a victim, but many sexual assaults, however, occur between victims and offenders who know each other (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). This leads the victim to fear retaliation if they do report the attack. Many rapists may even threaten the victim to prevent them from going to the police. Victims take these threats seriously because the attacker has already shown their violent nature, so they may be capable of much worse. In the case of date rape, the attacker may know where the victim lives and works, and this makes their threats more dangerous because they know how to find the victim. A survey of college women showed that 38% reported sexual victimization that met the legal definition of rape or attempted rape, yet only 1 in 25, or 4% reported the incident to the police (Arrigo, 2006, p. 109). This is just a small illustration of how many rapes go unreported, and how many rapists are free to rape again. Rape victims also have to fear the embarrassment that a rape case can bring. When someone does report a rape and it goes to court, the defense may try to prove it was consensual, or that the victim wanted it. Also, the police officers may ask questions that appear to blame the victim. Although there are laws protecting rape victims to a certain extent, there is still embarrassment that goes along with reporting a rape. Many date rape victims are reluctant to report the act for fear that their own behavior will be scrutinized by others (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). This may be because many of the victims of date rape had been drinking or otherwise involved in some type of festivity when the rape occurred (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). Because of their partying, victims may not want to come forward. This also brings embarrassment into their family. It the rape is reported to the police, the family will find out eventually, and the victim may not want them to know. They may want to protect their fam ily, or are simply too embarrassed about the attack. They may not want their parents to know the terrible thing that was done to them. They also may feel partially responsible because they had too much to drink. Ultimately, they do not want to have to talk to complete strangers about what someone did to their own body. Rape is also underreported because victims fear they will not be believed. Many rape cases end up being he said, she said because there is no physical evidence. If there are no bruises or cuts on the victim, it is difficult to prove rape. The emergency room doctor can do a rape kit shortly after the attack to see if there is any evidence. However, even if bodily fluids are found on the victim, that only proves that there was a sexual encounter, it does not prove whether or not it was a consensual act. Many rapists may use verbal threats to get the victim to comply, so there may be no physical marks or bruising. Some women fight back, but others do not because of fear. Rapists may have a weapon they threaten the victims with, so it may be smarter not to fight back in that case. However, this makes it difficult to prosecute. If victims know that there are no bruises or cuts on their body, and it will be difficult to win a case, they many not even report it. Some victims may not report rapes because they do not trust the police. This is especially seen in certain cultures that exhibit a distrust of law enforcement. This may be for many reasons. They may have grown up in a low-income environment where many people participated in illegal activities. They also may have had negative personal experiences with police officers. Also, if they are in the country illegally, they are less likely to report a crime. They may also have a friend or family member who was arrested, and that makes them dislike the police as well. It can also be difficult for victims to come forward regarding sexual assault due to the large percentage of male law enforcement officers. When someone reports a rape, they are asked extremely precise and intimate questions about what exactly the attacker did to them. They have to give details about the encounter that may be difficult to talk about, and it is even worse when the victim is female, and has to discuss it with a male. Although males can be victims of sexual assault, many victims are females, and they have to talk to male officers about their sexual assault. It is uncomfortable for many people to talk to a stranger about anything sexual, so to discuss a sexual assault is even worse. This is made even more challenging as officers can sometimes seem to be uncaring. The officers job is to collect the information about the crime. They are not responsible for consoling the victim, so they may come across as being abrupt or unsympathetic. This only causes the victim more pain as they have to discuss the assault and feel like they are not getting any sympathy. These are only a few of the reasons why rape is underreported. Victims have their own reasons for not reporting rapes, including fear of embarrassment, fear of retaliation, and the fear that they will not be believed. They also may not want to discuss this due to the personal nature of the crime. Victims may just want to move on with their lives and act like the assault never happened. What is date rape? There are many different types of rape. One type is called stranger rape. This is when a complete stranger rapes someone. These rapists often use weapons and threats of violence to gain the victims submission (Arrigo, 2006). However, the most common type of rape is called date rape. This occurs when someone is raped by a person they know. They may be on a date with this person, or be socializing with them at a party. This is extremely common, and often happens on college campuses. Date rape can also include when the assailant uses some type of drugs to make the victim powerless against the attack. Most rapes occur between victims and attackers who are known to each other. In fact, among victims 18-29 years old, two-thirds had a prior relationship with the rapist (Meadows, 2010, p. 97). Many rapists attack ex-girlfriends, casual acquaintances, or people they are currently dating. These rapes are especially difficult as the attacker is someone the victim knows and trusts. The victim may even have to see the rapist around town if they decide not to report the rape. In addition, studies on college campuses have indicated that date rape is increasing (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). An alarming survey shows that more than half of a representative sample of more than 1,000 female students at a large urban university had experienced some form of unwanted sex (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). Of these reported acts, twelve percent were done by casual dates, while 43 percent were done by steady dating partners (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). One study found that many women raped by men they know do not think of themselves as rape victims (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). Perhaps they think the rape was simply a misunderstanding. Still another study shows that date rape primarily occurs when the date was unplanned or the woman had been picked up in a social setting (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). Further studies have shown that 1 in 4 college women . . . [have] been raped or [have] suffered an attempted rape (Arrigo, 2006, p.109). These studies show the frequency of date rape occurring on colleg e campuses. Many researchers have attempted to determine why date rape is so prevalent on college campuses. Mary P. Koss is considered to be one of the most prolific researchers on rape (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 403). Koss conducted much research on college campuses, and found that 73% of the rape victims reported that the offender was drinking (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 403). Some researchers point to the college lifestyle as the reason why date rape is so common. Fraternities can contribute to the formation of attitudes that and behaviors that objectify women and normalize sexual coercion (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 403). Fraternity parties have a long history of underage drinking and random sexual acts. This is a problem when the sexual acts are not consensual. Furthermore, fraternities are about brotherhood, and this creates a preoccupation with loyalty, group protection and security, use of alcohol as a weapon, involvement in violence and physical force, and an emphasis on competitiveness and superiori ty (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 403). This brotherhood mentality makes it difficult for anyone to come forward if they witness anything inappropriate. Even if a victim comes forward, the attackers entire fraternity house may come to his defense, making it difficult to win a criminal case. Date rape is far too common amongst young people today. Victims do not typically come forward to report what happened, which leaves the rapist able to do the same thing to yet another victim. The partying lifestyle found at some colleges contributes to the rape problem. Parties can end up being a place where drunken men force themselves upon others, who are unable to resist. The victim is left feeling helpless and afraid, and in some cases may not even know what happened. Drugs Used in Date Rape Sometimes rapists use drugs to make their victim drowsy or unable to fight back. There are many different types of drugs used in this way. Rohypnol, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (more commonly known as GHB), and ketamine are just a few date rape drugs that may be slipped into an unwilling participants drink. These drugs are used for date rape because they produce prolonged sedation, a feeling of well-being, and short-term memory loss (Meadows, 2010, p. 98). In addition, many drugs on the market have no particular color, smell, or taste, which makes it easy to add to a victims drink without anyone knowing (Meadows, 2010, p. 99). Because these drugs can create short-term memory loss, the victim may not even know if they were raped or not. Rohypnol is a drug prescribed for insomnia, and is also used as preoperative anesthetic (Meadows, 2010). It also has medical uses as a muscle relaxant, hypnotic, anti-convulsant, sedative, and anti-anxiety medication (Schmalleger, 2009). Rohypnol is the trade name for flunitrazepam. It is a benzodiazepine, and is a central nervous system depressant. Rohypnol can incapacitate victims and prevent them from resisting sexual assault (Meadows, 2010, p. 99). It also can create anterograde amnesia, which makes the victim not remember anything that happened while under the influence of the drug. The effects of Rohypnol can be felt within about thirty minutes of ingesting the drug (Weiss, 2008). The effects of Rohypnol can last from one to eight hours (Schmalleger, 2009). This can make the entire night a blur, and the victim may not remember anything about the night. A further danger of Rohypnol is that it can be lethal when it is mixed with alcoholic beverages or other depressants. This coul d cause a date rape to turn into a murder. This drug is not approved for use in the United States. However, the drug became more commonplace in the 1990s for date rape purposes, and became known as a roofie (Meadows, 2010). Gamma hydroxybutyric acid is another central nervous system depressant. GHB, also called Liquid X, has been used since the 1990s in the United States for its euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (body-building) effects (Meadows, 2010, p. 100). This drug was actually sold in health food stores in the 1980s and the early 1990s (Meadows, 2010). Like Rohypnol, GHB can have negative effects if taken with alcoholic beverages. It can cause breathing problems and nausea (Meadows, 2010). GHB can take effect within fifteen minutes of being drugged (Weiss, 2008). The effects of GHB can last between three and six hours (Meadows 2010). Some of the effects of GHB use are slurred speech, disorientation, drunken behavior without odor of alcohol, [and] impaired memory of events (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 540). Also, a study was conducted with 17 GHB users being interviewed about their drug use. This study found that while on the drug, 65% of users had an increased sexual desire, and 47% had decreased sexual inhibitions (Lee Levounis, 2008). Some of the subjects even mentioned that GHB could cause poor decision making in sexual situations (Lee Levounis, 2008, p. 245). This further illustrates why assailants would use this drug. If the victim is given too much GHB, the effects of overdose include shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse, coma, and possible death (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 540). This drug can be very dangerous. Ketamine, also known as Special K, is another date rape drug. Ketamine is used in the United States as an anesthetic, and is predominantly used on animals in veterinary offices (Justice.com, 2011). According to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, recent press reports indicate that a significant number of veterinary clinics are being robbed specifically for their ketamine stock (Justice.com, 2011). Thieves are stealing the ketamine and selling it as a drug to party-goers. It can come in a clear liquid form, so it is very easy to slip into drinks undetected. This drug is often used as a club drug, so it is easily accessible to students who may be planning a date rape. Some of the effects of ketamine are delirium, amnesia, depression, and long-term memory and cognitive difficulties (Justice.com, 2011). This drug, like GHB and Rohypnol, leaves the victim unsure of what has taken place. The effects of ketamine can be felt almost immediately (Weiss, 2008). Also, the victim m ay be aware of what is taking place, but unable to stop it (Weiss, 2008). One date rape drug that is commonly used at parties is alcohol. According to the National Womens Health Information Center, any drug that can affect judgment and behavior can put a person at risk for unwanted or risky sexual activity (Weiss, 2008). This definition includes alcohol. Even though the victim may be willingly ingesting the alcohol, someone may take advantage of them once they are drunk. Alcohol can make it difficult to think clearly, harder to tell if a situation is dangerous, and harder to fight back if attacked (Weiss, 2008). Also, like the other date rape drugs, alcohol can cause memory loss, or a black out (Weiss, 2008). The victim may black out and be raped, and not remember what happened the next day. One common effect of date rape drugs is their ability to inhibit the victims memory. These drugs cause short-term memory loss so the victim is unsure if they were raped. This makes it less likely that the victim will report the incident to the police. In fact, the victim may not even realize they were drugged at all. If the victim was drinking the night before, it is possible they will think they simply had too much to drink. This further illustrates why date rape is drastically underreported. What Happens in the Emergency Room? After someone is raped, they may need medical attention. Most often they visit their local emergency room for treatment. It is estimated that 75% of female rape victims require medical attention after their attack (Arrigo, 2006, p. 109). Although different areas and hospitals may have different procedures for handling a rape victim, typically the process is similar. The medical staff will call law enforcement to make a police report, will call the local rape crisis group, will call the Division of Family and Children Services if a minor is involved, and will perform a full examination of the victim. When the police officer arrives to take a report of the alleged rape, they must speak to the victim. They will ask the victim to recall everything that happened in the attack. If the area has a local rape crisis advocacy group, there may be a victims advocate there to help the victim with this process. In an ideal situation, the victim can explain to the officer, victims advocate, and medical staff what took place at the same time so they do not have to repeat themselves. However, many times all parties are not present at the same time, and the victim is forced to relive the event multiple times. The victim must give details about the location of the attack, and what the attacker did specifically. They must tell exactly where the attacker touched them, and where the attacker kissed them. All of this information is crucial for the evidence collection process. Once the police officer has made the report, they will leave. The victim will undergo a thorough medical examination to ensure there are no health concerns. Depending on the nature of the attack, the victim may have a pregnancy test done. Charlotte Murton, a rape crisis specialist, noted that it is also common for the medical staff to check for gonorrhea and Chlamydia (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). The victims must follow up with their personal doctor or local health department to have a more complete sexually transmitted disease screen at a later time. Most victims are also given antibiotics to ward off possible infection. The medical staff will also check for any tearing or irritation in the areas of the attack. When the victim goes to the emergency room, they may have the option to do a rape kit or evidence kit. If the assault happened within 120 hours of the emergency room visit, the medical staff can do the evidence kit (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). This will help collect evidence for a possible trial if the victim decides to press charges. This process is extremely invasive and can even be painful, but it is the only way to collect certain evidence. Typically a rape crisis advocate will stay with the victim throughout the entire process. The process for collecting evidence in Augusta, Georgia is very specific, although the order may be changed. First, the victim must stand on a large piece of paper and undress. The paper is there to collect any loose fibers as the victim undresses. The victims clothes will then be bagged up separately in case there is evidence on the clothes (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). All of t he clothes, including underwear, will be kept as evidence. Once the victim is undressed, the medical staff will do a visual inspection to see if there are any obvious injuries. If so, these injuries will be documented and photographed. Then the victim will have to give 25 hairs from their head (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). This serves to show the DNA of the victim. Any areas the victim was licked or kissed will be swabbed for possible DNA. There also may be a swab of the victims mouth if there was any type of oral contact. The victim will then lie down with a large piece of paper below them to catch any loose hairs or fibers. The nurse will use a comb on the victims pubic hair to gather any loose hairs that may be from the attacker (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). The nurse must then use a special comb that rips out hair to gather 25 of the victims pubic hairs from the root (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). This process is especially painful. The nurse will also use a black light to see if there are any fluids that fluoresce. If something does show up, that area will be swabbed (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, September 17, 2010). If the victim fought against the attacker, the nurse will clean under the victims nails to get possible debris. The nurse will also swab the victims vagina, anus, or penis depending on the nature of the attack (Rape Crisis and Sexual Assault Services Volunteer Training, 2010). If the victim was drugged and is unsure what happened, all areas will be swabbed. There will be several swabs of each area. The victim will then be given clothes or scrubs to wear home. In areas that have a rape crisis center, volunteer advocates are on call at all times to help a victim in need. They are called in to be with the victim throughout the entire emergency room visit, and will follow up with the victim at a later date. These advocates act as liaisons between the victim, medical staff, and police officers. They can let the victim know what to expect in the examinations, and what to expect if they press charges. They also have information about places to obtain counseling and support. This is particularly important for victims who do not have family or friends with them in the emergency room. The process that victims undergo at the emergency room can be very painful and draining. They have to relive the experience to many different people and discuss extremely private matters. Many times, law enforcement officers are male, and the victim must discuss sexual things with this male. This proves to be a difficult experience as sometimes victims are not even able to articulate what happened. They may want to forget about it or not talk about it. Then they have to go through a medical examination to make sure they are healthy. If they decide not to do an evidence kit, it is still recommended that a doctor do a pelvic exam and take swabs for possible sexually transmitted diseases. If the victim does decide to go through with an evidence kit, it is a painful and invasive process. There may even be pictures taken of the victims body if there are bruises or cuts. In addition, in some areas the rape kits may not even be tested. The Texas Tribune reports that the state is so behind i n testing rape kits that it is impossible to catch up (Grissom, 2011). Some unprocessed rape kits in Texas date back to the 1980s (Grissom, 2011). Even if the kits are processed, it can take a year before the results are known (Grissom, 2011). This gives insight into why so many rapes go unreported, and why so many people choose not to have an evidence kit. Consequences of Rape Rape is a horrifying and invasive crime. It has the potential to completely change the victims life. With some crimes, once the actual crime is over, the victim can move on with their life. This is not the case with rape victims. Once the attack is over, there are many other issues the victim will encounter. Many victims of rape experience long-term consequences of their attack. There may be physical consequences deriving from the attack. There also may be emotional consequences. Many rape victims have difficulties returning to their normal lives after the attack. They may exhibit symptoms of rape trauma syndrome, a type of post-traumatic stress disorder. There are many physical consequences that can arise from rape. The victim may become pregnant from the attack. This leads to a difficult decision for the victim, made even more difficult if they do not believe abortion is an appropriate option. Some women may have religious or personal views that prevent them from getting an abortion, and thus are forced to go through a pregnancy resulting from a rape. In addition, the adult rape pregnancy rate is actually increasing based on United States Census Reports (Meadows 2010). It is estimated that there may be 32,100 rape-related pregnancies annually among America women over the age of 18 years (Meadows, 2010, p. 102). This statistic does not even include all the minors who become pregnant due to a sexual assault. Rape victims can also contract sexually transmitted diseases from the attack. Depending on the disease, there may be an easy cure, or they may have to live with the disease for the rest of their lives. If they contract acquired immune deficiency syndrome, more commonly known as AIDS, their life may actually be shortened. This is why many emergency rooms administer antibiotics when someone claims they have been raped. This is an attempt to cure a disease before it is even diagnosed. Also, some emergency rooms may have prophylactic treatment for those who may have been exposed to AIDS. Rape victims may also have acute injuries resulting from the rape (Meadows 2010). Depending on the level of violence in the rape, these injuries can be minimal to severe. Typically the most violent rapes are stranger rapes. This is because stranger rapists are more likely to involve the use of a weapon (Arrigo, 2006, p. 109). This weapon is most frequently a knife (Arrigo, 2006). If the attacker used the knife to stab the victim, there may be internal injuries or bleeding. Attackers also may beat their victims. This can lead to simple cuts and bruises or more complex injuries like broken ribs. In addition, the victim may experience vaginal or rectal tears from the rape. There are both emotional and psychological issues resulting from rape that are included in rape trauma syndrome. There are two phases of rape trauma syndrome. The first phase is the acute phase. In the acute phase, the victim experiences a complete disruption of her life, resulting from the violence she experienced (Meadows, 2010, p. 38). The victim may have a range of emotions during the acute phase, including crying, shouting, swearing, or laughing inappropriately (Meadows, 2010, p. 38). The victim may experience severe mood swings, and change emotions very quickly. They may be fearful to even leave their home. If the attack happened in their home, they may not feel safe living there anymore. The second phase of rape trauma syndrome is the reorganization phase. In the reorganization phase, victims must reorganize their lives (Meadows, 2010). This is accomplished with help from friends and family members (Meadows, 2010). During this phase, the victims have to learn ways to cope with their daily lives, and the disturbing thoughts that may enter their minds at any time. They may return to work and attempt to move on, but the pain and fear is still present in their minds. There are many different symptoms of rape trauma syndrome. Some of the symptoms include fear, helplessness, shock, disbelief, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment, anger, self-blame, flashbacks of the rape, avoidance of previously pleasurable activities, avoidance of the place or circumstances in which the rape occurred, depression, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and impaired memory (Meadows, 2010, p. 102). These symptoms greatly inhibit the victims ability to heal and move on with their life. They may be happy one moment, and then suddenly be overcome with sadness and not able to understand where the sadness originated. While in the acute phase they may experience a wide range of emotions. When they enter the reorganization phase, they may not have quite as many mood swings, but may experience flashbacks of the attack. This contributes to their insomnia. Victims are afraid to go to sleep because they may have nightmares of the attack. They also lost their sense of control when they were attacked, and going to sleep leaves them vulnerable yet again.